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Gas will occupy the whole volume, whereas liquid usually have a nearly fixed volume. The fluid falls into two categories, i.e., liquid and gas. Liquid cannot return to its original state after deformation. Fluid mechanics as a branch of continuous mechanics.įluid differs from solid by its reaction to shear stress: the fluid is continuously and permanently deformed under shear stress, whereas a solid object exhibits a small deformation that does not change with time. For this, standard textbooks on fluid mechanics as listed below should be consulted.įigure 10.1. Some appreciation of such derivations may be required in order to establish the limitations and modifications necessary for the application of the equations, especially to non-standard situations. This section does not provide rigorous derivations of the various equations quoted. The experimental checking and empirical amendment to derived formulae is just good engineering practice. However, almost all fluid mechanics equations in common use are based on the conservation of energy, the conservation of momentum or the fact that the rate of change of momentum may be equated to an applied force, usually a pressure force. This misconception is further compounded by the extensive use of ‘coefficients’ (discharge especially) to account for effects which are difficult to model mathematically. (Sections 1.6 and 1.7), in Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book (Twelfth Edition), 1994 1.5.10 Conclusionįluid mechanics is often regarded as an empirical subject which makes use of formulae based only on observed experimental results. For most biofluid applications, we will assume that the fluid is Newtonian. Newtonian fluids have constant viscosities, whereas non-Newtonian fluids have a nonconstant viscosity. Definition of a fluid as Newtonian depends on whether the viscosity is constant at various shear rates. Viscosity relates the shear rate to the shear stress. By assuming that a fluid is a continuum, we make the assumption that there are no inhomogeneities within the fluid. The analysis of fluid mechanics problems can be altered depending on the choice of the system of interest and the volume of interest, which govern the simplification of vector quantities. There are five relationships that are most useful in fluid mechanics problems: kinematic, stress, conservation, regulating, and constitutive. A fluid is defined as a material that continuously deforms under a constant load. Frame, in Biofluid Mechanics (Third Edition), 2022 Abstractįluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest and in motion. Īpply the momentum principle to liquids in jets and pipes.ĭavid A.Use Bernoulli's equation to measure flow rate and velocity Įmploy the concept of continuity of flow.Understand Archimedes' principle and buoyancy Ĭalculate hydrostatic forces on plane and curved submerged surfaces.Understand the transmission of pressure in liquids and its application to hydraulics Recognize some fluid properties and types of flow Objectivesīy the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to: Most of these principles should be familiar – conservation of energy, Newton's laws of motion – and so the chapter concentrates on their application to liquids. This will allow you to apply the physical principles behind some of the most common applications of fluid mechanics in engineering. The purpose of this chapter is to teach you the fundamentals of engineering fluid mechanics in a very general manner so that you can understand the way that forces are produced and transmitted by fluids that are, first, essentially at rest and, second, in motion. Some of the well-known examples are jet propulsion, aerofoil design, wind turbines and hydraulic brakes, but there are also applications which receive less attention such as the design of mechanical heart valves. Engineers are interested in fluid mechanics because of the forces that are produced by fluids and which can be used for practical purposes. Physicists study the flow of extremely high temperature gases through magnetic fields in a search for an acceptable method of harnessing the energy of nuclear fusion reactions. For example, meteorologists try to predict the motion of the fluid atmosphere swirling around the planet so that they can forecast the weather. Many scientific disciplines have an interest in fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is the study of the behaviour of liquids and gases, and particularly the forces that they produce.